The need to limit the working hours per week was a necessity, but why was the 40 hour work week selected as the standard? 

The 40 hour work week was signed into law in 1940 as part of The Fair Labor and Standards Act, but should society continue to allow this standard? To understand if the 40 hour work week should remain, we must first discuss the origin of the 40 hour work week, and how we came to accept this standard for the past 70 years. 

Reduce, reuse and recycle. We have heard this mantra many times.  And the message is clear, continue consuming, and you can consume relatively guilt free, just recycle that old shampoo bottle and it will ultimately become part of someone’s tennis shoe or maybe new kid’s toy. An amazing feat, and what we know now, an amazing lie. 

A Chapter 13 plan must meet the requirements of section 1325(a) to be confirmed. 11 U.S.C. § 1329(b)(1). Plan compliance is discussed in section 1325(a)(6). That section states that "the court shall confirm a plan if the debtor will be able to make all payments under the plan and to comply with the plan." 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(6).

Student loans continue to be an issue for many Americans. The pending litigation surrounding the loan forgiveness of the Biden Administration is being watched carefully for those that may be eligible for loan forgiveness. 

Not all debts in a bankruptcy are treated equally, and some debts can be excepted from the bankruptcy discharge. Under § 523(a)(6), the creditor must demonstrate "willful and malicious injury by the debtor" to another person or their property, and if a creditor can successfully demonstrate a willful and malicious injury by the debtor the creditor’s claim can be excepted from discharge. 

Debtors should disclose all assets on the bankruptcy schedules, and failure to do so can result in the denial of discharge. If a debtor discovers or remembers an asset was not properly disclosed on the bankruptcy schedules, even if the asset is discovered years later, the debtor should amend the schedules to properly disclose the asset. 

A client may be judicially estopped from asserting a cause of action not disclosed on the bankruptcy schedules or otherwise mentioned in the disclosure statements. 

Lack of disclosure in a bankruptcy filing can negatively impact a debtor. Clients will often question why they need to disclose certain information or if it would be better to “hide” certain assets from the court.  

The U.S. Supreme Court held that inherited IRAs do not qualify for the section 522(b)(3)(C)  exemption.  

That opinion makes clear that a beneficiary faces a choice between (1) "rolling over" the IRA, thus making the IRA subject to the tax and bankruptcy rules for traditional and Roth IRAs, or (2) keeping the IRA as an inherited IRA subject to different tax and bankruptcy rules for inherited IRAs.

The primary purpose of filing bankruptcy is to award a fresh start to an honest but unfortunate debtor. Occasionally, a debtor may request the dismissal of their chapter 7 case if the debtor would be worse off if he stayed in the chapter 7 case than if the case were to be dismissed. However, the case cannot simply be dismissed because the debtor is unhappy with the outcome of the chapter 7 case, the debtor needs to have acted in good faith. 

Generally, Chapter 7 debtors are entitled to a discharge of their pre-petition debts. However, some debts are excepted from discharge. 11 U.S.C. 523(a). Of those debts that are excepted, some are excepted from discharge as a matter of law, e.g., 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(5) (domestic support obligations) and Section 523(a)(7) ) (fine, penalty, or forfeiture payable to a governmental unit). 

Lack of disclosure in a bankruptcy filing can negatively impact a debtor. Clients will often question why they need to disclose certain information or if it would be better to “hide” certain assets from the court.  

Section 541(a)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that, at the commencement of a case, the bankruptcy estate is comprised of "all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property." 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1). 

Provided under 26 U.S.C. § 6334, certain property claimed as exempt on the bankruptcy schedules are exempt from IRS liens. The Bankruptcy Code does not require debtors to include the exempted amount in an IRS allowed secured claim. 

When filing bankruptcy, debtors may be tempted to transfer assets in an effort to protect the assets from the bankruptcy estate. However, § 548(a)(a)(A) encompasses transfers made by the debtor within two years of filing the bankruptcy, and such transfers would be fraud if transferred "with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any entity to which the debtor was or became, on or after the date that such transfer was made or such obligation incurred, indebted . . . ." 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(A).